Technology strategy radar · Chemicals & materialsLiveLow-carbon ethylene · 14 routes · patent signal 2017–2026 · updated September 2026

CO₂ electrolysis will not match cracking on energy per tonne. It is improving fast enough that power prices now decide.

The question behind this radar: of fourteen routes to low-carbon ethylene, which is improving fastest, and can it close its energy gap? Electrochemical CO₂-to-ethylene improves at 44.1%/yr, more than three times the steam-cracking benchmark (13.0%), and it is the only route that sped up every year from 2017 to 2023. Where patents quote energy, it still needs 38–74 MWh per tonne against 1.5–5.7 for electrified cracking.

Methodology co-developed with MIT over 30 years of peer-reviewed research.

01 · The verdicts

Route by route, read as actions

Click a route to inspect it on the radar above. Seven of the fourteen routes clear the median improvement rate of 20%/yr. Only one of them is both fast and past lab scale with a growing filing base: electrochemical CO₂.

RouteVerdictTIRTRLWhy
Electrochemical CO₂/CO
Fund
44%/yr
6rel. env.
Fastest rate in the set, more than three times the steam-cracking benchmark, and the only route that sped up every year. Fund pilots on current density, stability and carbon efficiency.
Photocatalytic CO₂
Monitor
38%/yr
4lab
Second-fastest, but 110 families and still in the lab. Watch the rate; do not fund it yet.
Oxidative coupling of methane
Monitor
26%/yr
6rel. env.
Above the median, but new filings have more than halved since 2020. The incumbents hold it.
Thermocatalytic CO₂-to-olefins
Monitor
24%/yr
4lab
Rate nearly doubled since 2017 and filings tripled. Its reduced carbon arrives as hydrogen, so it pays an electrolyser bill.
Direct biological ethylene
Monitor
24%/yr
5rel. env.
Fewer than 50 families and a falling rate. A frontier bet, thin evidence.
Methanol-to-olefins
Fund
21%/yr
9proven
Proven and just above the median. Its low-carbon case depends on the methanol, which the filings never source.
Plasma CO₂
Monitor
20%/yr
4lab
On the median line with 55 families. Too little evidence to call.
Electrified steam cracking
Monitor
20%/yr
7prototype
Filings up ten-fold since 2020 while the rate fell from 26% to 20%: incumbents engineering it into plants. The lowest-energy electrified route.
Ethane ODH
Watch
16%/yr
6rel. env.
Below the median and pre-commercial. Nova Chemicals holds the largest portfolio.
Catalytic cracking
Watch
15%/yr
5rel. env.
The biggest patent base in the set, 1,549 families, improving at the pace of mature chemistry.
Ethanol dehydration
Monitor
15%/yr
9proven
Slow-improving, but the lowest energy per tonne and the only route routinely fed bio-carbon. Keep it where residual biomass is cheap.
Ethane dehydrogenation
Watch
15%/yr
6rel. env.
Below the median and flat since 2017.
Non-oxidative methane coupling
Watch
14%/yr
4lab
Near the bottom on rate and still at lab scale.
Steam cracking (benchmark)
Phase out
13%/yr
9proven
The benchmark: slowest rate in the set. Every other route is read against it.

Source: GetFocus Chemicals Technology Strategy Radar · TIR last full year 2023 · verdicts from the September 2026 readout

02 · The rate and the volume

One route is speeding up. The one the incumbents are building is slowing down.

Electrified cracking is where Aramco, Sinopec, BASF and Linde are filing. Its volume is climbing and its rate is falling, the usual sign of a route moving from invention into engineering. CO₂ electrolysis is rising on both.

The rate · 2017–2023
Historical TIR, %/yr

Electrochemical CO₂/CO more than doubled, from 19.1% to 44.1%. Electrified cracking fell from 26.5% to 19.8%. Steam cracking held at 12–13%.

The volume · 2017–2024
New patent families per year

CO₂-electrolysis filings grew from 65 to 317 a year. Electrified cracking went from 9 to 90, most of it after 2021.

Source: GetFocus platform · TIR and filings per route · 2024–2026 TIR repeats 2023 while citation data accumulates

03 · The evidence layer

Beneath the number: what the deep dives surfaced

The rate says CO₂ electrolysis is moving. The deep-dive agents read 3,669 publications across six routes for feedstock, pathway and every energy figure quoted per tonne of ethylene.

The energy gap · where patents quote it
38–74 MWh/t

CO₂ electrolysis, against 1.5–5.7 for electrified cracking and under 2 for ethanol dehydration.

The floor · thermodynamics
13 MWh/t

Minimum electricity for CO₂ and water to ethylene. The rate cannot compound through it.

Efficiency · Toronto / TotalEnergies filings
20% → 51%

Full-cell energy efficiency, from 2019 filings to a 2024 filing: about 26 MWh/t.

Capital cost · current density
25 → 500

Median mA/cm² quoted in the filings, from before 2016 to 2022–23. Faradaic efficiency barely moved.

Pathway · which electrochemistry
89%

of filings reduce CO₂ directly on copper. The CO-first cascade is about one in twelve, and holds the only side-by-side energy comparison.

Bottleneck · stability
<200 h

Stable operation in the handful of filings that report it at all. This, not selectivity, is the weak link.

From the September 2026 deep-dive readout · every figure traces to a cited patent claim or description

04 · Always on

Not another report you read. A living view you interrogate.

The energy gap can shrink from ten-fold to three to five times by 2030, then it stops at the floor. The radar holds the thresholds so you act on the trigger, not on the headline.

You scope the domain

As broad or as narrow as the decision needs. This radar runs fourteen route datasets, six of them read in full by the deep-dive agents.

BroadLow-carbon ethylene · all fourteen routes
NarrowCO-first electrolysis · CO₂ to CO to ethylene cascades

You set the triggers

Defined thresholds for energy efficiency, current density, stability hours and filing momentum tell you when to move.

ALERT WHEN full-cell energy efficiency in CO₂-electrolysis filings passes 60%, about 22 MWh/t
ALERT WHEN a filing reports over 1,000 hours of stable operation at industrial current density
ALERT WHEN the 2024 rate lands and electrified cracking turns back up, or CO₂ electrolysis stalls
05 · Kept alive

You hear about the inflection the month it happens

A monthly signal digest per domain, a quarterly executive review with our analysts, and trigger alerts the moment a threshold is crossed. The radar never goes stale, and neither does your answer.

Signal digest · low-carbon ethyleneSep 2026
Trigger

Electrochemical CO₂/CO rose for a sixth consecutive year: 44.1%/yr in 2023, up from 19.1% in 2017.

Signal

Acidic electrolytes reached 8% of new CO₂-electrolysis filings: up from 1–2% before 2022, aimed straight at the carbonate loss.

Signal

A 2024 Toronto / TotalEnergies filing reports 51% full-cell energy efficiency: up from about 20% in their 2019 filings.

Compiled from the September 2026 radar readout
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